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2026-06-12T21:39:36Z

Xenja:

[[File:Surya_Namaskar_sculpture_at_IGIA_T3_(cropped).jpg|thumb|350px|Surya Namaskar, Sculpture at New Delhi Airport]]
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2016_-_Colnect_627074_-_Surya_Namaskar.jpeg|thumb|Indian stamp, Surya Namaskar]]

'''Surya namaskar''', known in English as the '''the sun salutation''' or '''the sun prayer''', is a sequence of usually twelve individual postures that flow into one another to form a complete cycle. In yoga practice, it is performed at the start of a sequence of exercises and, with its twelve dynamic movements, serves to warm up the body rhythmically, so that it is balanced and toned for the subsequent exercises, which often involve stretching.<ref name=":0">Heinz Grill (27 August 2020): [https://heinz-grill.de/en/sun-prayer-surya-namaskar-2/ ''The Sun Prayer – Surya Namaskar.'' '] In: ''Contributions to a new Yoga Will.'' Retrieved 5 May 2026.</ref> It is an essential warm-up exercise for every yoga session and optimally prepares the body for the practice of asanas.<ref>[https://wiki.yoga-vidya.de/Surya_Namaskar ''Surya Namaskar.''] (German) In: ''Yogawiki.'' Retrieved 17 May 2026.</ref>

== Name ==

[[File:Surya, Indian Museum.jpg|thumb|Surya (Hindu sun god), 10th-century basalt statue]]

Surya namaskara (Sanskrit सूर्यनमस्कार, IAST ''sūryanamaskāra'') or surya namaskar (Hindi, IAST ''sūryanamaskār'') is derived from the words surya (Sanskrit सूर्य, IAST ''sūrya'', "sun")<ref>''[https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=sUrya&dir=se Search terms for “sUrya”.]'' In: ''learnsanskrit.cc.'' Retrieved 5 May 2026.</ref> and namaskara (Sanskrit नमस्कार, IAST ''namaskāra'', "Greetings").<ref>''[https://www.learnsanskrit.cc/translate?search=namaskAra&dir=se Search terms for “namaskAra”.]'' In: ''learnsanskrit.cc.'' Retrieved 5 May 2026.</ref>

In English, surya namaskar is known as "the sun salutation" or "the sun prayer". It has this name because it was practised as a meditative physical exercise in the early morning, facing east towards the rising sun.

== History and origins ==

There are differing views on the origins of the sun salutation. There is debate as to whether it stems from ancient spiritual practices, other traditions, or sporting disciplines. According to anthropological research, the sun salutation is not mentioned in any hatha yoga text prior to the 19th century.<ref>Joseph S. Alter:[https://archive.org/details/yoga-in-modern-india-joseph-s-alter/page/22/mode/2up ''Yoga in modern India: the body between science and philosophy.''] New Age Press, 2009. P. 23. ISBN 978-81-7822-324-7.</ref>

According to the Sivananda Yoga Centre, in Hindu mythology the sun god is worshipped as a symbol of health and immortal life. The [[w:Rigveda|Rig Veda]] states: "Surya is the soul, both of the moving and unmoving beings." The sun salutation is said to have developed as a series of prostrations to the sun.<ref>The Sivananda Yoga Center: ''The Sivananda companion to yoga''. First Fireside Edition. Simon & Schuster, New York. P. 34. ISBN 0-684-87000-2.</ref>

[[Swami Vishnudevananda]] explains that the sun is regarded as the deity for health and long life. In ancient times, this exercise was a daily routine among the spiritual practices.<ref name=":2">Swami Vishnu-devananda: ''The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga.'' Three Rivers Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-307-78620-3.</ref>

== The sun tradition ==

[[File:Konark_Sun_Temple_on_a_October_morning_in_2024.png|thumb|The 13th-century Sun Temple at Konark in Odisha (India)]]

"Adoration and worship of the sound was one of man's first and most natural forms of inner expression." In the Vedic tradition, there are numerous verses that refer to the sun. As the Rig Veda states:

<poem style="margin-left:31px">
"The remover of all weakness,
Healer of all illness,
Lord of all that stands and goes,
He slays the demons
And guards the worshippers."<ref name=":SatSar">Swami Satyananda Saraswati:[https://archive.org/details/suryanamaskarate0000saty/page/4/mode/2up ''Surya Namaskara''] 2nd edition reprinted. Yoga Publication Trust, Bihar, India. p.5. ISBN 81-85787-35-2.</ref>
</poem>

And in the [[w:Brihadaranyaka-Upanishad|Brihadaranyaka Upanishad]] it says:

<poem style="margin-left:31px">
"O Lord and Being of Light,
Lead me from the unreal to the Real;
Lead me from darkness to Light;
Lead me from mortality to Immortality.
<ref name=":SatSar" /><ref>https://www.swami-krishnananda.org/brdup/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad.pdf</ref>
</poem>

== The picture and the meaning of the sun salutation ==

[[File:Trick_to_remember_Surya_Namaskar_Mantra.gif|thumb|410px|The 12 postures of the sun salutation]]

In addition to this external rhythm, the inner rhythm of the individual is also significant in terms of their development:

:"You can most easily understand the soul-spiritual meaning of the sun prayer by equating the power of the sun, which traditionally is worshipped and revered, with the creative power of thought. [...] If you think a high and noble thought today, with a sense of purpose and a need for realisation, then, in accordance with its nature of being, ''bhāvan'', this thought will come to flow through the stages of development and attain realisation. [...]

:"In this cyclical maturing of the life of thought and knowledge lies the meaning of the 12-part sun prayer."<ref> Heinz Grill: ''The Soul Dimension of Yoga'', pp. 334-335, ISBN: 978-1-916732-32-2. </ref>

== Method and implementation ==

Comparison of instructions:

<div style="margin-left:11px">
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! style="width:7%;" |Position
! style="width:31%;" |Sivananda Yoga<ref>The Sivananda Yoga Center: ''The Sivananda companion to yoga''. First Fireside Edition. Simon & Schuster, New York. pp. 34-35 ISBN 0-684-87000-2.</ref>
! style="width:31%;" |Yoga Vidya<ref>[https://wiki.yoga-vidya.de/Sonnengru%C3%9F#Sonnengru%C3%9F_Mittelstufe ''Sonnengruß Mittelstufe - The Sun Prayer for an Intermediate Level.''] (German) In: ''Yogawiki.'' Retrieved 8 May 2026.</ref>
! style="width:31%;" |Heinz Grill<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_39x55_qqXM ''Structuring the body in the Sun Prayer - Surya Namaskar.''] In: ''Yoga Heinz Grill'' (YouTube-Channel). Retrieved 8 May 2026.</ref>
|-
| align="center" |1
|Stand erect with feet together and palms in the prayer position in front of your chest. Make sure your weight is evenly distributed. Exhale.
|Exhale, bringing your hands together in front of your chest.
|Preparation: Lifting the breastbone. Relaxed composure.
|-
| align="center" |2
|Inhaling, stretch your arms up and arch back from the waist, pushing the hips out, legs straight. Relax your neck.
|Inhale, raising your arms and bringing them back, drawing your shoulder blades together.
|Free gliding upwards. Relaxed lengthening and slight arching backwards. Lifting the breastbone with the body relaxed. Strong arching through the thoracic spine.
|-
| align="center" |3
|Exhaling, fold forward, and press your palms down, fingertips in line with toes - bend your knees if necessary.
|Exhale, bend your upper body forwards, hands beside your feet.
|Gliding downwards relatively freely. Relaxed gliding outwards. Developing a focused tension in the forward bend. Release of tension.
|-
| align="center" |4
|Inhaling, bring the right (or left) leg back and place the knee on the floor. Arch back and look up, lifting your chin.
|Inhale, bringing your right leg back.
|Openness and relaxation in the half moon. Beginning to stretch lengthways. Building up the tension from the middle of the spine with released neck and arms. Intensive arching through the thoracic spine.
|-
| align="center" |5
|Retaining the breath, bring the other leg back and support your weight on handy and toes. Keep your head and body in line and look at the floor between your hands.
|Hold your breath and bring both legs back.
|no information provided
|-
| align="center" |6
|Exhaling, lower your knees, then your chest and then your forehead, keeping your hips up and your toes curled under.
|Exhale, lower your knees, chest and forehead to the floor.
|Relaxed approach to the ground. Position with sub-divided structure.
|-
| align="center" |7
|Inhaling, lower your hips, point your toes and bend back. Keep legs together and shoulders down. Look up and back.
|Inhale, lifting your chest and head as you do so.
|Relaxed raising of the spine into the cobra. Building up tension, the chest is drawn far forwards. The face remains relaxed. The thoracic spine remains highly active during the phase of tension. The arms do not support the body. Further dynamisation out of the thoracic spine.
|-
| align="center" |8
|Exhaling, curl your toes under, raise your hips and pivot into an inverted "V" shape. Try to push your heels and head down and keep your shoulders back.
|Ausatmen, dabei Becken heben, Fersen in den Boden drücken.
|Very relaxed forming of the triangle. Activating the dynamic towards the lower back.
|-
| align="center" |9
|Inhaling, step forward and place the right (or left) foot between your hands. Rest the other knee on the floor and look up, as in position 4.
|Inhale, bringing your right foot forward between your hands.
|Preparatory relaxation in the half moon. Activation of the lengthening stretch outwards. Building up the tension to arch through the chest region.
|-
| align="center" |10
|Exhaling, bring the other leg forward and bend down from the waist keeping your palms as in position 3.
|Exhale and bring both legs forward.
|Relaxed gliding out forwards. The arms, the neck and the shoulders remain open while the middle of the back begins to build up the tension. The movement always remains relaxed and open in the upper body. Activity in the lower and middle back.
|-
| align="center" |11
|Inhaling, stretch your arms forward, then up and back over your head and bend back slowly from the waist, as in position 2.
|Inhale, lift your arms and chest, bring your arms back, and pull your shoulder blades together.
|Relaxed extension lengthways. Dynamic arching of the thoracic spine. Intensive arching through the chest area. The movement begins in the middle of the spine and continues upwards. The pelvis remains straight and the lower back does not cave in but is led into an extension.
|-
| align="center" |12
|Exhaling, gently come back to an upright position and bring your arms down by sour side.
|Exhale, lower your arms, next round.
|Relaxed conclusion.
|}
</div>

== Yoga masters and yoga traditions associated with Surya Namaskar ==

[[File:Pant_Pratinidhi_1928_Surya_Namaskar_Sequence.jpg|thumb|Sun Salutation with 10 poses<br>Raja of Aundh (illustration from 1928)]]

=== Raja von Aundh ===

The [[w:Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi|Raja of Aundh]] says that Surya Namaskar "may be practiced by anyone and everyone, singly or in a group, and at any time of year, since it can be performed as well in a room as outside. ''Suryanamaskar'' takes only three to ten minutes a day."<ref> André van Lysebeth: ''Yoga: Self-Taught''. Harper & Row Publishers, New York. P. 230</ref>

The film titled "Surya Namaskar", made by the Raja of Aundh (Bhawanrao Shriniwasrao Pant Pratinidhi) in 1928, is believed to be the earliest film depicting Surya Namaskar. The Raja published books about this yoga sequence in many languages and screened this film during his travels through India and Europe to promote the benefits of Surya Namaskar.<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aYcwS2ePkMw <nowiki>Surya Namaskar 1928 by Raja of Aundh [Kalé/Novetzke].</nowiki>]'' (0:01–0:40.) In: ''The Yoga of Power'' (YouTube-Channel). Retrieved 8 2026.</ref>

=== Swami Sivananda ===

[Swami Sivananda] writes:

:"In the system of 'Suryanamaskara' are combined several Yoga postures with rhythmic breathing, rapid movement, sunbathing and prayerful contemplation of the divine power that the sun represents. We are asked to practise this Suryanamaskara facing the morning sun, bathing our whole body in the life-giving rays of the sun, the giver of light, life, joy and warmth to the whole world. Suryanamaskara consists of twelve postures or stages. One posture smoothly and gracefully, flows into, the next. [...] Of still greater importance is the inner mood with which Suryanamaskara is done. Inwardly watch every little movement, becoming aware of every change that takes place in the body, especially the spine. The mind must be quiet and observant to do this, and after a few months of practice, this awareness will grow."<ref> Swami Sivananda: ''Yoga Asanas''. 13th ed. The Divine Life Society, Uttarakhand, Himalayas, India. p.3. ISBN 81-7052-008-8</ref>

Well-known disciples of [[Swami Sivananda]] included [[Swami Vishnudevananda]] and [[Swami Satyananda Saraswati]]. A guide to the 12 postures of the Sun Salutation in the Sivananda tradition, illustrated with photographs, can be found on the website of the ''International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres''.<ref>[https://sivananda.org/the-sun-salutation/ ''The Sun Salutation (Surya Namaskar).''] In: ''International Sivananda Yoga Vedanta Centres.'' Retrieved 8 May 2026.</ref>

=== Yoga Vidya ===

According to Yoga Vidya, the Sun Salutation is a dynamic sequence of 12 Hatha Yoga asanas which, together with the accompanying 12 mantras, invoke the Hindu sun god Surya. Yoga Vidya follows the tradition of Swami Sivananda. The Sun Salutation forms part of the Yoga Vidya basic sequence.<ref>[https://wiki.yoga-vidya.de/Yoga_Vidya_Reihe#Surya_Namaskar_-_der_Sonnengru%C3%9F ''Surya Namaskar – der Sonnengruß - Surya Namaskar - The Sun Salutation.''] (German) In: ''Yogawiki.'' Retrieved 17 May 2026.</ref>

=== Ashtanga Yoga ===
[[File:Surya Namaskar A B AYI.PNG|thumb|350px|Surya Namaskara A & B (Ashtanga Yoga)<br><small>© Dr. Ronald Steiner, [https://de.ashtangayoga.info AYI.info]</small>]]

In Ashtanga Yoga, the Sun Salutation is referred to as Surya Namaskar A and B, which are practised one after the other at the start of the yoga session. Every Ashtanga Yoga session begins with five rounds of Sun Salutation A. It consists of nine basic movements.<ref>[https://www.ashtangayoga.info/ashtanga-yoga/surya-namaskara-a-sun-salutation/ ''Surya Namaskara A – Sun Salutation A - Ashtanga Yoga Practice.''] In:''AYI.'' Retrieved 8 May 2026.</ref> Sun Salutation B expands on the movements of Sun Salutation A; the 17 movements of Sun Salutation B are repeated five times. <ref>[https://www.ashtangayoga.info/ashtanga-yoga/surya-namaskara-b-sun-salutation-b/ ''Surya Namaskara B – der second sun salutation in Ashtanga Yoga practice''] In: ''AYI.'' Retrieved 8 May 2026.</ref>

The sequence is performed using [[Y:Ujjayi|Ujjayi]] breathing, energy channelling and concentration.

Compared to Sivananda and Yoga Vidya, [[Y:Patthabi Jois|Patthabi Jois]] recommends practitioners hold the 6th position ([[w:Adhomukha Shvanasana|Adho Mukha Shvanasana]]) for eight breaths during Sun Salutation A. In Sun Salutation B, this corresponds to the 6th, 10th and 14th positions, although only the latter is held for five breaths.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qNn9gQyQTGM ''Sun Salutation A tutorial by Pattabhi Jois.''] In: ''Travel&Yoga'' (YouTube-Channel). Retrieved 8 May 2026.</ref><ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xI9rytach34 Surya Namaskara B Sri K Pattabhi Jois & 6 Students.]'' In: ''Yoga Asanas'' (YouTube-Channel). Retrieved 8 May 2026.</ref>

=== B. K. S. Iyengar ===

[[w:B. K. S. Iyengar|B. K. S. Iyengar]] demonstrates the Sun Salutation with jumping variations. In his view, Surya Namaskar is nothing more than a part of yoga, as each position has a name. In the fourth position, Chaturanga Dandasana, Iyengar emphasises that the body is balanced on the toes and palms without touching the floor.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7wOce2c5NDk ''Guruji demonstrating Surya Namaskar at age 57 (1976) B.K.S. Iyengar.''] In: ''TS19 voice'' (YouTube-Channel). Retrieved 8. May 2026.</ref>

=== Heinz Grill ===

[[File:Anjaneyasana%2C_Heinz_Grill_1992.jpg|thumb|Half Moon ([[Anjaneyasana]]) in positions 4 and 9 of the Sun Salutation]]

Heinz Grill, founder of the ''New Yoga Will'' training path, developed the sun salutation further with various content, highlighting its therapeutic effects and artistic, aesthetic forms of movement, which arise through the practitioner’s thought oriented conscious activity.

As with Sivananda, the sequence consists of 12 postures, but with the difference that the 4th and 9th postures – [[Ashva Sanchalanasana]] (equestrian pose) – are further developed and raised into the [[Anjaneyasana|Half Moon]].”<ref> Heinz Grill: ''The Soul Dimension of Yoga''. pp. 334-341. ISBN: 978-1-916732-32-2. </ref>

== Number of rounds, speed, time of day ==

In the Sivananda tradition, 3 to 12 rounds are recommended: at a slower pace for spiritual benefits, and at a quicker pace when physical benefit are the main focus. In special cases, for purification, surya namaskar can be practised daily with 108 rounds.<ref>Swami Satyananda Saraswati: ''Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha.'' 4th edition. Yoga Publications Trust, Ganga Darshan, Munger, Bihar, India 2008. ISBN: 978-81-86336-14-4, p. 173.</ref>

[[Swami Vishnudevananda]] recommends repeating the full sequence of Surya Namaskar twelve times a day.<ref>Swami Vishnu-devananda: ''The Complete Illustrated Book of Yoga.'' Three Rivers Press, New York. ISBN 978-0-307-78620-3.</ref>

Time guidelines are given for slower and faster rounds, but also with specific time frames that can vary from 15 to 45 seconds per round:
:"The sun prayer is usually built up rhythmically, from slower rounds initially to ever faster individual movements. At the beginning the twelve exercises take about half a minute to 45 seconds, but eventually practitioners can increase the speed and apply their strength specifically to particular parts of the body. Sometimes they even practise all twelve component movements within 15 seconds, in a rhythmic flow, alternating between relaxing and stretching."<ref name=":0" />

The exercise can be performed anywhere from a few rounds up to twenty or thirty repetitions, and depending on your fitness level, the cycle can be carried out at a faster or slower pace.<ref name=":1" />

In Power Yoga, the Sun Salutation is practised 36 times as a "ritual challenge".<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LKmdCyH69Qk ''Power Yoga 36 Sun Salutations with Travis Eliot: A Ritual Challenge.'']. In: ''Travis Eliot'' (YouTube-Channel). Retrieved 8 May 2026.</ref> The number of 108 rounds is also a well-known practice in sun salutation. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sw4hq8z5R_M ''108 Sun Salutations, Why-How-When, my experiences after 108 Sun Salutations.'']. In: ''Yoga with Nicole Reiher'' (YouTube channel). Retrieved on 23 March 2026.</ref>Englische Quelle finden<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LbMElXC9TM ''Live yoga class: 108 Sun Salutations with Vani Devi and Vishnu-Shakti – 09:15 on 26 March 2020.''] In: ''Yoga Vidya - Live'' (YouTube channel). Retrieved 23 March 2026.</ref>Englische Quelle findenSunrise is considered the ideal time for practicing the sun salutation, as it is regarded as the most peaceful time of the day. Sunset is also a suitable time.<ref name=":3">ref>Swami Satyananda Saraswati: ''Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha.'' 4th edition. Yoga Publications Trust, Ganga Darshan, Munger, Bihar, India 2008. ISBN: 978-81-86336-14-4. P.. 164.</ref>

== Concentration and visualisation ==

It is advisable to face the rising sun, or at least, to turn towards the east. Think of and concentrate on the sun, which invigorates the whole life on this earth. Your entire energy, including that used in the Salutation, springs from its rays. [...]Think of the cosmic force radiated by the sun. In this state of mind the content of the Salutation is heightened and infused with a spirit that transforms it from a seemingly ordinary muscular exercise into something which involves the whole personality.<ref> André van Lysebeth: ''Yoga: Self-Taught'' Harper & Row Publishers, New York p. 233</ref>

In the practice according to [[w:Satyananda|Satyananda]], one focuses on the sun through visualisation: as a preparatory step, the body can be perceived whilst standing and mentally relaxed by systematically directing one’s attention from the crown of the head down through the body. Next, one focuses on the eyebrow centre, where a brilliant red rising sun which infuses the whole body and mind with its vitalizing and healing rays is visualised.<ref name=":3" />PAGE 164

== The chakras ==

[[File:Chakras_Demostration.png|thumb|The seven chakras and their location along the spine]]

According to Yoga Vidya and Swami Satyananda, the individual postures of the Sun Salutation are said to have an effect on all seven chakras, starting with the Anahata Chakra, the fourth (energy) centre or heart chakra, in the first posture:<ref>[[y:Sonnengruß#Wirkungen|''Wirkungen. - Effects'']] (German) In: ''Yogawiki.'' Retrieved 18 May 2026.</ref><ref>Swami Satyananda Saraswati: ''Asana Pranayama Mudra Bandha.'' 4th edition. Yoga Publications Trust, Ganga Darshan, Munger, Bihar, India 2008. pp. 164-173. ISBN: 978-81-86336-14-4.</ref>

<div style="margin-left:11px">
{| class="wikitable"
|+
! Position
! Asana
! Chakra
|-
| align="center" |1
|Pranamasana
|4th centre – Anahata Chakra
|-
| align="center" |2
|Hasta Uttanasana
|5th centre – Vishuddha Chakra
|-
| align="center" |3
|[[Uttanasana|Padahastasana]]
|2nd centre – Svadhisthana Chakra
|-
| align="center" |4
|[[Ashva Sanchalanasana]]
|6th centre – Ajna Chakra
|-
| align="center" |5
|Dandasana
|1st centre – Muladhara Chakra
|-
| align="center" |6
|Ashtanga Namaskara
|3rd centre – Manipura Chakra
|-
| align="center" |7
|[[Bhujangasana]]
|4th centre – Anahata Chakra
|-
| align="center" |8
|Parvatasana
|1st centre – Muladhara Chakra
|-
| align="center" |9
|Ashva Sanchalanasana
|6th centre – Ajna Chakra
|-
| align="center" |10
|Padahastasana
|2nd centre – Svadhisthana Chakra
|-
| align="center" |11
|Hasta Uttanasana
|5th centre – Vishuddha Chakra
|-
| align="center" |12
|Tadasana
|7th centre – Sahasrara Chakra
|}
</div>

{{#ev:youtube|9IAWkAcEtLo|530x310|center|Der Sonnengruß - surya namaskar}}

In the New Yoga Will, the movement approach from the 3rd center is emphasized:

:"The movement in the sun prayer starts here at the manipura chakra, the centre of the spine, and streams from there centrifugally outwards into the limbs. With every movement forwards and backwards the body continues to lengthen and acquires an aesthetic expression."<ref>''[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EuuYXMsZCGk Der Sonnengruß - surya namaskar.]'' Video description. In: ''Yoga Heinz Grill'' (YouTube-Channel). Retrieved 8 May 2026.</ref>

== Breathing ==

=== The connection between breathing and movement ===

In the Sun Salutation, movement is usually coordinated with the breath. In the 12-position version, the first position begins with an exhalation, followed by alternating inhalations and exhalations; however, in the fifth position – Dandasana or the Plank Pose – the breath is held on the inhale.

: “When practising the Sun Salutation for the first time, it is not necessary to synchronize each movement with the corresponding inhalation or exhalation. To begin with, focus instead on slow movements and the transitions from one pose to the next. Take as many breaths as you need.”<ref>[https://wiki.yoga-vidya.de/Sonnengru%C3%9F#Was_ist_der_Yoga_Sonnengru%C3%9F? ''Was ist der Sonnengruß? - What is the Sun Salutation?''] German In: ''Yogawiki.'' Retrieved 18 May 2026.</ref>

André van Lysebeth emphasises the importance of coordinating the breath with the movements:
"If the adept co-ordinates his movements with his breathing, he will be able to perform his Salutations without running short of breath or energy."<ref>André van Lysebeth: ''Yoga: Self-Taught'' Harper & Row Publishers, New York p. 233</ref>

=== Rhythmic guidance of the breath ===

Heinz Grill describes how, during the sun salutation, one can directly experience the connection between breath and movement: "All forms of movement are like the incoming and outgoing breath. Movement is the continuous activity of breathing. A cycle which, within the movement, reveals the rhythmically guided yet free interplay of the breath."

=== Free breath ===

In the New Yoga Will, breathing is also allowed to flow (freely) according to individual need, particularly "when one or more postures are worked at more intensively."<ref>Heinz Grill (15 April 2017): [https://heinz-grill.de/en/sun-prayer-surya-namaskar/ ''The Sun Prayer – Surya Namaskar.'' '] In: ''Contributions to a new Yoga Will.'' Retrieved 18 May 2026.<ref/>

== Mantras for the Sun Salutation ==

=== Sivananda ===

==References==

User:Xenja/Surya Namaskar

2026-06-12T18:32:23Z

Xenja: Linguistic corrections

User:Xenja/Surya Namaskar

2026-06-12T18:26:11Z

Xenja: Linguistic corrections

Suggestion

2026-05-24T11:33:26Z

Xenja:

[[File:2026-May-14 Cite Rudolf Steiner - Suggestion.png|thumb|mini|350px|A quote by Rudolf Steiner from 1906
<ref>Rudolf Steiner: [https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA096/English/CMP2001/19061001p01.html
''Original Impulses for the Science of the Spirit.'']. Retrieved 14 May 2026.</ref>]]

The term '''suggestion''' was introduced in the 17th/18th century and refers to the manipulative influencing of a thought or sensation, with the result that the manipulation goes unnoticed or is, at least temporarily, not accessible to consciousness.

Etymologically, it can be traced back to the Latin noun "suggestio", meaning "an addition, intimation or suggestion", or to the Latin verb "suggerĕre", meaning "bring up", "lay beneath" or "afford".<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/suggestion ''suggestion''] In:''etymonline.com''. Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

In psychology, the term "suggestion" – first used by [[w:James Braid (physician)|James Braid]] (1795–1860) – refers to a form of influence on feelings, thoughts and actions. However, distinctions or differences from related fields are rarely discussed. A distinction is made between autosuggestion and heterosuggestion, i.e. influence exerted by oneself or by others.

In the field of [[w:Hypnosis|hypnosis]], suggestions represent immediate inspirations provided by the hypnotist. Post-hypnotic suggestions, on the other hand, only take effect after the hypnosis session, usually in response to a pre-determined cue, such as a word or a gesture.

The power of suggestion can serve as a theoretical framework for explaining the placebo effect, self-fulfilling prophecies and the impact of advertising.

According to spiritual research, suggestive methods influence the unconscious feelings and will of the person being addressed, whereas a logical, liberating presentation appeals to the other person’s inner life and thus frees their feelings and will.

== Differentiation between suggestibility and suggestiveness ==

A differentiation must be made between suggestion as an act or a result, suggestibility as the receptiveness of the person being influenced, and suggestiveness as the potential to be able to plant a suggestion. With this understanding of suggestiveness, suggestibility can then also be understood as autosuggestibility – albeit triggered by an external stimulus.

The terms "suggestion" and, in particular, "suggestibility" are often used as synonyms for influencing the will, exercising power, credulity, susceptibility to influence and weakness of will.

== Suggestion therapy ==

[[File:Josef Breuer, 1905.jpg|thumb|Josef Breuer, an Austrian physician who implemented suggestion in his treatments.]]

Even before the development of [[w:psychoanalysis|psychoanalysis]], [[w:Josef Breuer|Josef Breuer]] (1842–1925) used suggestion to treat [[w:hysteria|hysteria]]. In this technique, symptoms are combated by applying a suggestion. It is also used to treat phobiae or habits of a life time. Moreover it was used in the treatment of so-called war neuroses.<ref>Ray Dyer (25 February 2021): [https://victorianweb.org/science/freud/hysteria.html ''Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud's Studies on Hysteria [1882] 1893, 1895'']. In:''victorianweb.org''. Retrieved 2 May 2026.</ref><ref>[https://setantahypnotherapy.com/suggestion-therapy-explained/ ''Suggestion Therapy Explained'']. In:''setantahypnotherapy.com''. Retrieved 2 May 2026.</ref><ref>Krzysztof Rutkowski, Edyta Dembińska: [https://www.psychiatriapolska.pl/pdf-58176-81132?filename=Research%20and%20treatment%20of.pdf
''Research and treatment of war neuroses at the Clinic for Nervous and Mental Diseases at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow before World War II in the context of psychiatry in Europe]. Retrieved 2 May 2026.</ref>

== Suggestive question ==
The term "suggestion" is also used in the context of so-called suggestive questions. In this case, the questioner’s aim is to directly influence the content of the respondent’s answer. (Example: "You were at the scene of the crime, weren’t you?" – which is more likely to elicit a "yes" from the other person.) This influence can be exerted through facial expressions and gestures, but also through verbal expression. For instance, there is an old trick amongst waiters whereby a guest can be influenced by a slight nod or shake of the head when asked whether they would like a top-up.

== Autosuggestion and Heterosuggestion ==

Autosuggestion is a psychological method in which one influences oneself, usually by repeating positive affirmations or phrases, in order to positively influence the subconscious mind.

An example of an autosuggestion sentence by Ellen Andersen is:

:"I am performing confidently today."

To ensure these words really find their way into the subconscious, Ellen Anderson advises repeating them regularly until they have been internalised.<ref>Ellen Andresen: [https://greator.com/en/autosuggestion/ ''With autosuggestion motivated, self-confident and happy through life
.''] In: ''greator.com.'' Retrieved 27 April 2026.</ref>

=== The effect of autosuggestion on health ===

Autosuggestion can help to cure illnesses. For example, a patient can repeatedly visualise their own [[w:Immune system|immune system]] working effectively to fight off an infection. If a patient has cancer, they can also visualise the tumour becoming smaller and smaller and the immune system breaking it down. They repeat this visualisation daily and in great detail.

Various techniques of [[w:Autosuggestion|autosuggestion]] developed by [[w:O. Carl Simonton|Dr Carl Simonton]] (1942–2009) showed success in providing psychological support for patients with metastases and for managing the severe side effects of chemotherapy. Simonton was a specialist in radiotherapy and oncology. He ran a cancer centre in California and is regarded as one of the pioneers of [[w:psycho-oncology|psycho-oncology]]. He developed a relaxation technique for his cancer patients, combined with visualisation exercises. According to Simonton, it is possible to influence pain, find peace and experience positive emotions by calming the [[w:nervous system|nervous system]] (physical relaxation) and creating (symbolic) inner images and scenes using our imagination. This allows the resources available to every person to be activated, and self-healing powers to be unleashed.<ref>Valerie J. Nelson (29 September 2014): [[https://www.latimes.com/nation/la-me-carl-simonton3-2009jul03-story.html ''O. Carl Simonton dies at 66; oncologist pioneered mind-body connection to fight cancer'']] In:''latimes.com''. Retrieved 16 May 2026.</ref>
=== Heterosuggestion ===

Heterosuggestion is external influence, e.g. through advertising, the news, other people, and also through hypnosis.

== Autogenic Training ==

[[w:autogenic Training|Autogenic training]] is a relaxation technique which consists of mental exercises that are based on autosuggestion. Autogenic” literally means "generated from within" and it is closely related to self-hypnosis. The practitioner repeats certain phrases in their mind that relate to their own body – for example: "My heart is beating calmly and strongly". Ideally, a sequence of specific exercises and phrases leads to relaxation throughout the entire body, which can also have a beneficial effect on health.<ref>
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/autogenic-training ''Autogenic Training''] In:''sciencedirect.com''. Retrieved 2 May 2026.</ref>

== Suggestion and hypnosis ==
[[File:Dr. Herbert A Parkyn performing hypnosis.png|thumb|Dr. Herbert A Parkyn performing hypnosis at the Chicago School of Psychology]]

The term [[w:Hypnosis|hypnosis]] is derived from the ancient Greek word ὕπνος ''hýpnos''. The English translation is "sleep" or "slumber". When under hypnosis, a person is in a trance-like state similar to sleep. The method can be traced back over 4000 years to ancient Egypt. The Egyptians used healing sanctuaries which were called "Sleep or Dream Temples". Today, the problems treated in these Temples would be classed as psychological problems.<ref>David Reeves: ''[https://www.cuyamungueinstitute.com/articles-and-news/hypnosis-in-ancient-civilizations/ Hypnosis in History: How Ancient Civilizations Used Hypnosis.]'' In: ''Cuyamungueinstitute.com.'' Retrieved 5 May 2026.</ref>

Nowadays, hypnosis is used for therapeutic purposes. The state of hypnosis is defined as a state of focused attention, heightened suggestibility, and enhanced capacity for response to suggestion . When applying the method several positive therapeutic outcomes are observed, which refer to mental and somatic health issues. Treated symptoms are chronic pain, depression, anxiety, or other conditions.<ref>Luis Miguel Gallardo:[https://www.preprints.org/manuscript/202602.0874#Conclusions ''Hypnosis and Hypnotherapy: A Comprehensive Review of Therapeutic Impact, Neurobiological Mechanisms, and Evidence-Based Outcomes (2018-2026)]. 11 February 2026. Retrieved 5 May 2026.</ref>

== The effects of suggestion ==

Axel Burkart (born 1951), a German author and anthroposophist, describes the effects of suggestion in a 2018 lecture entitled ''Suggestion in contrast to independent thinking''. He mentions people often absorb the words of authority figures unfiltered. Statements and suggestions contained therein, which are not recognised through independent examination and independent thinking, can create conflict for the listener.

Children in particular, who do not yet have the capacity to reflect on suggestive statements, find themselves in a dilemma when exposed to statements – for example, from teachers – that are neither logical nor true. Axel Burkart gives the following example:

At school, the biology teacher tells the children: “You are a higher mammal; you are descended from apes.” In religious education, however, the children are told: “You are descended from God.” These differing accounts create a conflict within the child.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWR0onVPvfI&list=PLgm7eKJeeixeeZinmPqDC0RHw2Ub_k5-Y&index=5&t=935s ''Lecture by Axel Burkart – Part 2, Conference “Suggestion im Gegensatz zum eigenen Denken - Suggestion as opposed to independent thinking”, Michaelmas 2018'']. (German) (15:36–17:36). In: ''systemfreie Spiritualität'' (YouTube channel). Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

=== The placebo effect and the nocebo effect ===

[[File:Antilirium Placebo.jpg|thumb|Placebo used in research and practice.]]

A [[w:Placebo|placebo]] is a substance that contains no active pharmaceutical ingredient. It is also referred to as a sham medication and may be administered as a sugar pill or a saline solution. The term "placebo effect" is used when a person experiences an improvement in their condition or illness following the administration of a placebo. Not only a medication, but also a sham operation can be described as a placebo effect.

Axel Burkart gives the example of a woman who was told by the surgeon: “The knee has been operated on.” In reality, the surgeon had merely cut open the knee and stitched it back up. No surgical procedure had been performed on the knee. However, the patient’s knee pain had disappeared. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWR0onVPvfI&list=PLgm7eKJeeixeeZinmPqDC0RHw2Ub_k5-Y&index=5&t=935s ''Lecture by Axel Burkart – Part 2, Conference “Suggestion im Gegensatz zum eigenen Denken - Suggestion as opposed to independent thinking”, Michaelmas 2018'']. (German) (9:34–10:35). In: ''systemfreie Spiritualität'' (YouTube channel). Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

The [[w:Nocebo effect|nocebo effect]] is the counterpart to the placebo effect. In the case of the nocebo effect, negative suggestions can trigger illness or anxiety. A well-known example is the anxiety triggered by the idea that a dangerous virus is infecting people. However, negative health symptoms or side effects of medication can also occur without there being a direct physical cause. This can, for example, be caused by a doctor-patient consultation as part of medical treatment.

== Psychological Perspective ==

[[File:Erich Fromm 1974 (cropped)2.jpg|thumb|Erich Fromm]]

[[w:Erich Fromm|Erich Fromm]] (1900–1980) was a German-American psychoanalyst, philosopher and social psychologist. He describes how humanity is to be driven to conformity through suggestion and propaganda. He mentions that the meaning of equality has been transformed. "By equality one refers to the equality of automatons; of men who have lost their individuality. Equality today means "sameness" rather than "oneness."" This enables people to function smoothly and follow the same instructions. The suggestions people unconsciously absorb from outside cause them to be convinced that they are doing what they want.<ref>Erich Fromm: ''The Art of Loving.'' Chapter: ''The Theory of Love. Love, the Answer to the Problem of Human Existence.'' Harper & Row, New York. PP. 13ff.</ref>

A standardisation of human beings could be observed among the Germans during the Second World War. It can be described as uniformity. This uniformity in society is regarded as normal. Anyone who deviates from the [[w:Persönlichkeit|personality type]] favoured by society is labelled by the system as mentally ill.

According to Erich Fromm, the aim of the healthcare system in the field of psychiatry and psychotherapy is "to restore man to the ways of the average personality."<ref>Erich Fromm: [https://edarcipelago.com/classici/erichfromm/the%20pathology%20of%20normalcy%20-%20erich%20fromm.pdf ''The Pathology of Normalcy.''] Chapter: ''Modern Man’s Pathology of Normalcy.'' Chapter 1.a): ''what is mental health?'' American Mental Health Foundation Books. Riverdale, New York. Retrieved 13 May 2026.</ref>

People’s reaction could also consist of a longing for [[freedom]] and [[w:independence|independence]], so that they can build a better society through their creative impulses.

Another aspect from a psychological perspective is evident in the [[w:manipulation|manipulation]] of basic needs. Through suggestion, it becomes possible within society to promote or suppress certain basic human needs. [[w:psychological defect|Psychological defects]] can also be brought about by suggestion. Since the majority of people now suffer from certain defects, these are perceived as normal. The individual is satisfied with these defects in order to avoid being an outsider:

"What he may have lost in richness and in a genuine feeling of happiness, is made up by the security of fitting in with the rest of mankind—''as he knows them.''"<ref>Erich Fromm: [https://dn790008.ca.archive.org/0/items/in.ernet.dli.2015.130806/2015.130806.The-Sane-Society_text.pdf ''The Sane Society.''] Chapter 2: ''Can a Society Be Sick?''. Retrieved 27 April 2026.</ref>

When a person conforms, which happens through suggestive influences, they are regarded by society as normal and, at first, not as sick. Those who do not conform may develop physical or psychological symptoms, as they are internally resisting the influence of society. They appear sick on the outside, even though they are actually the healthier ones on the inside. Erich Fromm explains this connection in the following short video:

{{#ev:youtube|8Jm-YgSmHCQ|530x310|center|Erich Fromm on Happy Normal People (1977)}}
== Suggestion from a spiritual perspective ==

[[Rudolf Steiner]] (1861–1925), an Austrian philosopher, spiritual scientist and founder of [[w:Anthroposophy|Anthroposophy]], also studied the power of suggestion, because it influenced people over 100 years ago just as it does today:

"Suggestions have such an enormous effect in our public life that one can simply see how, in large gatherings of thousands of people, the audience is not influenced by what one calls free conviction, but simply by what the speaker brings to them through suggestion. And those who have listened pass on the suggestion, so that much of what is done today has come about under the power of suggestion."<ref> Rudolf Steiner: [https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA053/English/UNK2014/19050518p01.html ''The Origin and Goal of Humanity-Law and Theosophy'']. Retrieved 27 April 2026. </ref>

The influence exerted on people can lead to [[w:Illusion|illusions]] in individuals. A person who creates a sensory illusion or allows themselves to be deceived is described as being susceptible to illusion. These illusions can even lead to a rejection of the spiritual world. In a materialistic age, many people reject the existence of the spiritual world. The majority of people recognise only physical things and circumstances as real. According to Rudolf Steiner, rejecting these insights and thoughts about the spiritual worlds may be a suggestion:

"..., so that even when we find some of that capacity for illusion in one person, it certainly may come from a hatred for, a turning away from, the Spiritual world; yet this dislike may not be in the soul of the person subject to the illusions;—it may have been suggested to him. For in Spiritual domains the danger of infection is infinitely greater than in any physical domain.<ref> Rudolf Steiner: [https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA175/English/GC1989/19170213p01.html
''Building Stones for an Understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha-The Metamorphoses of the Soul-Forces'']. Retrieved 27 April 2026. </ref>

According to the spiritual research of [[A:Heinz Grill|Heinz Grill]] (born 1960), author and founder of the ''New Yoga Will'', suggestions an particularly arise when "information is given to the public that is undifferentiated, unreflected, one-sided, without comparisons and if this is done on a purely external basis, without giving sufficient context and background. Collective emotional anxiety can also provide a favourable basis for suggestions to have an effect."<ref>Heinz Grill (20 April 2020). [https://heinz-grill.de/en/corona-suggestion/ ''The Spiritual Root of Suggestion'']. ''Contributions to a new Yoga Will''. Retrieved 27 April 2026</ref>

In 2018, Heinz Grill wrote a poem about suggestion, in which he gives a voice to the suggestion figure itself:<ref>Heinz Grill (31 October 2018). [https://heinz-grill.de/en/human-spirit-suggestion/ ''The suggestion figure'']. ''Contributions to a new Yoga Will''. Retrieved 27 April 2026</ref>

<poem style="margin-left:31px">
The suggestion figure

Beware you lowly human spirit 
and remain faithfully blind in my escort.
 I am the exalted figure of suggestion, 
that lives through your unconscious hold.

I rule and control you,
 although you are spiritually greater than me. 
My weapon is manipulation
 to compensate for my inferior position.

Ultimately, you will bear my guilt,
 it is bitter, this modern cult. 
Alas, how fascinatingly ingenious. 
Suggestion is not trivial.
</poem>

== Overcoming Suggestions ==

=== Through clear thought formation===

Suggestive methods, when used on others, appeal to the subconscious and influence the will. The writer of an article may use suggestive techniques with the aim of persuading others of something. However, they can also leave the reader free and present the content in a truly vivid and perceptible form. They can structure the content logically, work with real-life comparisons and connections, and phrase it in such a way that the reader is left free. The reader can then form their own independent judgement about the description provided. From Grill’s spiritual perspective, this form leaves the reader free: "The will-life and feeling-life of the reader are not unconsciously influenced by the concrete, coherent, and logical presentation, but rather are engaged and built up by the consciousness only as a result of the thought concrete reality." The habitual influences on the will brought about by suggestion give way to the logically structured presentations, and a healthy and free will can develop.<ref>Heinz Grill (02 February 2018). [https://heinz-grill.de/kirche-suggestion/ ''Suggestionen - Suggestions'']. ''Contributions to a new Yoga Will (German)''. Retrieved 27 April 2026.</ref>

=== Using suggestions to build up a greater structure ===

According to spiritual research, engagement with negative things in the world can lead to a strengthening of health and can be uplifting. Also, the [[w:Immunsystem|immune system]] "needs confrontation with the negative and must learn to gather itself to such an extent that it has something to counteract these psychological forces of the time." If an individual now practises observing for a longer period of time, for example by asking: "What is really all the fear-mongering in the world?" then they begin to examine this observation from various angles. They acquire the ability to exteriorise the whole suggestive potential that seeks to inundate and alienate them. They can move it from inside to the outside. A good engagement with negative forces can lead to the saying: "Forewarned, is forearmed."

According to Heinz Grill, that which unconsciously absorbed and occupies people will be moved from inside to the outside through forming good mental pictures, by the development of observation and by training correct recognition with a most detailed perceptive capacity.

The [[w:Immune response|immune response]] follows this same path. The [[A:Lie|lies]] of the times and the indigestible suggestions no longer occupy people; instead, they are only breathed in momentarily and, with the forming of a judgement and the capacity for insight they are freely breathed out.<ref>Heinz Grill (15 March 2020). [https://heinz-grill.de/en/coronavirus-consciousness/
''Coronavirus: Confronting fear and suggestion strengthens immunity'']. ''Contributions to a new Yoga Will''. Retrieved 28 April 2026.</ref>

=== The search for knowledge ===

According to Axel Burkart, suggestion can be overcome by overcoming mental laziness and blind faith in authority. This is achieved by applying one’s own logic. Logic is given to us so that we may use it to test opinions for their truth. For in logic, we reflect the laws of nature within ourselves, which humans can think through logically and thus simulate within themselves. Burkart describes logic as a 100% reliable tool. It is made possible by people’s own independent thinking. Burkart describes people as naturally lazy in their thinking and says that believing an authority is easy. Thinking for oneself is exhausting and uncomfortable for people. According to Axel Burkart, the education system, politics, the media and science only have the capacity to manipulate when people do not think for themselves.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWR0onVPvfI&list=PLgm7eKJeeixeeZinmPqDC0RHw2Ub_k5-Y&index=5&t=935s ''Lecture by Axel Burkart – Part 2, Conference “Suggestion im Gegensatz zum eigenen Denken - Suggestion as opposed to independent thinking”, Michaelmas 2018'']. (German) (0:30–23:27). In: ''systemfreie Spiritualität'' (YouTube channel). Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

According to Axel Burkart, independent thinking and the search of knowledge, in the sense of recognizing the truth, are also described in the Gospel of John 8:31–32:

:"Then Jesus said to those Jews who believed Him, “If you abide in My word, you are My disciples indeed. 32 And you shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free."<ref>[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John%208&version=NKJV ''John 8'']. In:''biblegateway.com''. Retrieved 4 May 2026.</ref>
:[[A:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] (1749–1882) recognised the importance of understanding oneself in order to be able to understand others as well:
"The highest achievement possible to a man is the full consciousness of his own feelings and thoughts, for this gives him the means of knowing intimately the hearts of others."<ref>Johann Wolfgang von Goethe: [https://dn790007.ca.archive.org/0/items/goethesliterarye00goet/goethesliterarye00goet.pdf. ''Goethes Literary Essays'']. New York, Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1921. Shakespeare ad Infinitum. p.174. Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

According to Rudolf Steiner, the work to form insightful knowledge must be completely independent of external influences:<blockquote>"Only he who sees through the connections of the world in such a way that his judgment becomes completely independent of any external influence, raises the content of his imagination above a sum of suggestions."<ref> Rudolf Steiner: [https://rsarchive.org/Articles/GA030/English/SOL2024/22_On_Hypnotism.html ''Collected Essays on Philosophy, Science, Aesthetics and Psychology 1884–1901 - On the Question of Hypnotism'']. Retrieved 28 April 2026. </ref></blockquote>According to Erich Fromm, too, in the process of gaining insight, one’s consciousness must step away from one’s own feelings in order to fully connect with the other person. The practitioner must set aside their [[w:projection|projections]] and perceive the other person or a situation as if they were an independent witness:

:"...the knowledge which is an aspect of love is one which does not stay at the periphery, but penetrates to the core. It is possible only when I can transcend the concern for myself and see the other person in his own terms."<ref> https://ia801309.us.archive.org/12/items/TheArtOfLoving/43799393-The-Art-of-Loving-Erich-Fromm_text.pdf. p.30 Harper & Row,
New York</ref>

According to Heinz Grill’s research, there is no reason to condemn another person’s actions with "insult, ridicule or arrogance". Moreover "classifications, devaluations and condemning judgements about certain people or groups of people are actually always an expression of an own weakness and may reveal a lack of an own inner position." It is advisable not to rush into hasty assessments. The first judgements that are made about another person never consist of evaluations of good or bad. However, they "tend to be based on how the other person relates to the outside world and to their fellow human beings."

"The ability to inwardly see and intensively view others is a great personal strength that gives a person dignity."<ref name=":0">Heinz Grill Buch: ''Übungen für die Seele.'' Kapitel: ''Das Rechte Urteil.'' 3., erweiterte Auflage. Synergia Verlag, 2022, ISBN 978-3-906873-33-6, S. 111–119.</ref>

To this end, Heinz Grill developed the soul exercise "The Right Judgement" and outlines the following methodological steps for learning to recognise a person objectively:<ref name=":0" />

<div style="margin-left:15px">
* Perception of the person through the senses
** What is their external appearance, posture, demeanour, gesture and body language like?

* Deciding what to discover
** Are we seeking to discover a medical, educational, legal, artistic, anthropological or social truth?

* Specific questions - here are some examples:
** How does the person being observed relate to the outside world and to their fellow human beings? Do they shape this relationship consciously or intuitively?
** Is the person under consideration more subject to their emotions, or do they already lead the interactions with thoughts?
** Does the person speak authentically, or do they express something other than what they actually think?
** What is the person’s motive?

* Reflective recollection
** After observing the person for about 10 minutes whilst focusing on a question, reconstruct their figure once more with your eyes closed.
</div>

By repeatedly giving attention in this way, one can form an objective insight of the person and thus reach a right judgement.

== Forward-looking hypothesis ==

Passively and unconsciously believing and accepting suggestions can lead to mental and physical illness. Engaging independently with a subject or a person leads to the development of self-awareness, clarity and truth. Forming a "right judgement" about a matter takes time. It requires repeated observation. As the observation approaches accuracy, a sense of calm settles within the psyche. An improvement in health can occur both in the physical body and in the psyche.
==References==

Suggestion

2026-05-24T11:27:26Z

Suggestion

2026-05-14T08:34:33Z

Xenja:

File:2026-May-14 Cite Rudolf Steiner - Suggestion.png

2026-05-14T08:15:54Z

Xenja: /* Summary */

== Summary ==
Steiner Cite<ref>Rudolf Steiner: [https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA096/English/CMP2001/19061001p01.html
''Original Impulses for the Science of the Spirit.'']. Retrieved 14 May 2026.</ref>

File:2026-May-14 Cite Rudolf Steiner - Suggestion.png

2026-05-14T08:15:28Z

Xenja: Steiner Cite <ref>Rudolf Steiner: [https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA096/English/CMP2001/19061001p01.html ''Original Impulses for the Science of the Spirit.'']. Retrieved 14 May 2026.</ref>]]

== Summary ==
Steiner Cite
<ref>Rudolf Steiner: [https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA096/English/CMP2001/19061001p01.html
''Original Impulses for the Science of the Spirit.'']. Retrieved 14 May 2026.</ref>]]

Suggestion

2026-05-05T08:53:26Z

Xenja:

The term '''suggestion''' was introduced in the 17th/18th century and refers to the manipulative influencing of a thought or sensation, with the result that the manipulation goes unnoticed or is, at least temporarily, not accessible to consciousness.

Etymologically, it can be traced back to the Latin noun "suggestio", meaning "an addition, intimation or suggestion", or to the Latin verb "suggerĕre", meaning "bring up", "lay beneath" or "afford".<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/suggestion ''suggestion''] In:''etymonline.com''. Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

In psychology, the term "suggestion" – first used by [[w:James Braid (physician)|James Braid]] (1795–1860) – refers to a form of influence on feelings, thoughts and actions. However, distinctions or differences from related fields are rarely discussed. A distinction is made between autosuggestion and heterosuggestion, i.e. influence exerted by oneself or by others.

In the field of [[w:Hypnosis|hypnosis]], suggestions represent immediate inspirations provided by the hypnotist. Post-hypnotic suggestions, on the other hand, only take effect after the hypnosis session, usually in response to a pre-determined cue, such as a word or a gesture.

The power of suggestion can serve as a theoretical framework for explaining the placebo effect, self-fulfilling prophecies and the impact of advertising.

According to spiritual research, suggestive methods influence the unconscious feelings and will of the person being addressed, whereas a logical, liberating presentation appeals to the other person’s inner life and thus frees their feelings and will.

== Differentiation between suggestibility and suggestiveness ==

A differentiation must be made between suggestion as an act or a result, suggestibility as the receptiveness of the person being influenced, and suggestiveness as the potential to be able to plant a suggestion. With this understanding of suggestiveness, suggestibility can then also be understood as autosuggestibility – albeit triggered by an external stimulus.

The terms "suggestion" and, in particular, "suggestibility" are often used as synonyms for influencing the will, exercising power, credulity, susceptibility to influence and weakness of will.

== Suggestion therapy ==

Even before the development of [[w:psychoanalysis|psychoanalysis]], [[w:Josef Breuer|Josef Breuer]] (1842–1925) used suggestion to treat [[w:hysteria|hysteria]]. In this technique, symptoms are combated by applying a suggestion. It is also used to treat phobiae or habits of a life time. Moreover it was used in the treatment of so-called war neuroses.<ref>Ray Dyer (25 February 2021): [https://victorianweb.org/science/freud/hysteria.html ''Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud's Studies on Hysteria [1882] 1893, 1895'']. In:''victorianweb.org''. Retrieved 2 May 2026.</ref> <ref>[https://setantahypnotherapy.com/suggestion-therapy-explained/ ''Suggestion Therapy Explained'']. In:''setantahypnotherapy.com''. Retrieved 2 May 2026.</ref> <ref>Krzysztof Rutkowski, Edyta Dembińska: [https://www.psychiatriapolska.pl/pdf-58176-81132?filename=Research%20and%20treatment%20of.pdf
''Research and treatment of war neuroses at the Clinic for Nervous and Mental Diseases at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow before World War II in the context of psychiatry in Europe]. Retrieved 2 May 2026.</ref>

== Suggestive question ==
The term "suggestion" is also used in the context of so-called suggestive questions. In this case, the questioner’s aim is to directly influence the content of the respondent’s answer. (Example: "You were at the scene of the crime, weren’t you?" – which is more likely to elicit a "yes" from the other person.) This influence can be exerted through facial expressions and gestures, but also through verbal expression. For instance, there is an old trick amongst waiters whereby a guest can be influenced by a slight nod or shake of the head when asked whether they would like a top-up.

== Autosuggestion and Heterosuggestion ==

Autosuggestion is a psychological method in which one influences oneself, usually by repeating positive affirmations or phrases, in order to positively influence the subconscious mind.

An example of an autosuggestion sentence by Ellen Andersen is:

:"I am performing confidently today."

To ensure these words really find their way into the subconscious, Ellen Anderson advises repeating them regularly until they have been internalised. <ref>Ellen Andresen: [https://greator.com/en/autosuggestion/ ''With autosuggestion motivated, self-confident and happy through life
.''] In: ''greator.com.'' Retrieved 27 April 2026.</ref>

=== Heterosuggestion ===

Heterosuggestion is external influence, e.g. through advertising, the news, other people, and also through hypnosis.

== Autogenic Training ==

[[w:autogenic Training|Autogenic training]] is a relaxation technique which consists of mental exercises that are based on autosuggestion. Autogenic” literally means "generated from within" and it is closely related to self-hypnosis. The practitioner repeats certain phrases in their mind that relate to their own body – for example: "My heart is beating calmly and strongly". Ideally, a sequence of specific exercises and phrases leads to relaxation throughout the entire body, which can also have a beneficial effect on health. <ref>
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/autogenic-training ''Autogenic Training''] In:''sciencedirect.com''. Retrieved 2 May 2026.</ref>

== The effects of suggestion ==

Axel Burkart (born 1951), a German author and anthroposophist, describes the effects of suggestion in a 2018 lecture entitled ''Suggestion in contrast to independent thinking''. He mentions people often absorb the words of authority figures unfiltered. Statements and suggestions contained therein, which are not recognised through independent examination and independent thinking, can create conflict for the listener.

Children in particular, who do not yet have the capacity to reflect on suggestive statements, find themselves in a dilemma when exposed to statements – for example, from teachers – that are neither logical nor true. Axel Burkart gives the following example:

At school, the biology teacher tells the children: “You are a higher mammal; you are descended from apes.” In religious education, however, the children are told: “You are descended from God.” These differing accounts create a conflict within the child. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWR0onVPvfI&list=PLgm7eKJeeixeeZinmPqDC0RHw2Ub_k5-Y&index=5&t=935s ''Lecture by Axel Burkart – Part 2, Conference “Suggestion im Gegensatz zum eigenen Denken - Suggestion as opposed to independent thinking”, Michaelmas 2018'']. (German) (15:36–17:36). In: ''systemfreie Spiritualität'' (YouTube channel). Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

=== The placebo effect and the nocebo effect ===

A [[w:Placebo|placebo]] is a substance that contains no active pharmaceutical ingredient. It is also referred to as a sham medication and may be administered as a sugar pill or a saline solution. The term "placebo effect" is used when a person experiences an improvement in their condition or illness following the administration of a placebo. Not only a medication, but also a sham operation can be described as a placebo effect.

Axel Burkart gives the example of a woman who was told by the surgeon: “The knee has been operated on.” In reality, the surgeon had merely cut open the knee and stitched it back up. No surgical procedure had been performed on the knee. However, the patient’s knee pain had disappeared. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWR0onVPvfI&list=PLgm7eKJeeixeeZinmPqDC0RHw2Ub_k5-Y&index=5&t=935s ''Lecture by Axel Burkart – Part 2, Conference “Suggestion im Gegensatz zum eigenen Denken - Suggestion as opposed to independent thinking”, Michaelmas 2018'']. (German) (9:34–10:35). In: ''systemfreie Spiritualität'' (YouTube channel). Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

The [[w:Nocebo effect|nocebo effect]] is the counterpart to the placebo effect. In the case of the nocebo effect, negative suggestions can trigger illness or anxiety. A well-known example is the anxiety triggered by the idea that a dangerous virus is infecting people. However, negative health symptoms or side effects of medication can also occur without there being a direct physical cause. This can, for example, be caused by a doctor-patient consultation as part of medical treatment.

== Suggestion from a spiritual perspective ==

[[Rudolf Steiner]] (1861–1925), an Austrian philosopher, spiritual scientist and founder of [[w:Anthroposophy|Anthroposophy]], also studied the power of suggestion, as it influenced people over 100 years ago just as much as it does today:

"Suggestions have such an enormous effect in our public life that one can simply see how, in large gatherings of thousands of people, the audience is not influenced by what one calls free conviction, but simply by what the speaker brings to them through suggestion. And those who have listened pass on the suggestion, so that much of what is done today has come about under the power of suggestion."<ref> Rudolf Steiner: [https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA053/English/UNK2014/19050518p01.html ''The Origin and Goal of Humanity-Law and Theosophy'']. Retrieved 27 April 2026. </ref>

The influence exerted on people can lead to [[w:Illusion|illusions]] in individuals. A person who creates a sensory illusion or allows themselves to be deceived is described as being susceptible to illusion. These illusions can even lead to a rejection of the spiritual world. In a materialistic age, many people reject the existence of the spiritual world. The majority of people recognise only physical things and circumstances as real. According to Rudolf Steiner, rejecting these insights and thoughts about the spiritual worlds may be a suggestion:

"..., so that even when we find some of that capacity for illusion in one person, it certainly may come from a hatred for, a turning away from, the Spiritual world; yet this dislike may not be in the soul of the person subject to the illusions;—it may have been suggested to him. For in Spiritual domains the danger of infection is infinitely greater than in any physical domain.<ref> Rudolf Steiner: [https://rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA175/English/GC1989/19170213p01.html
''Building Stones for an Understanding of the Mystery of Golgotha-The Metamorphoses of the Soul-Forces'']. Retrieved 27 April 2026. </ref>

According to the spiritual research of [[a:Heinz Grill|Heinz Grill]] (born 1960), author and founder of the ''New Yoga Will'', suggestions can arise in particular if/when "information is given to the public that is undifferentiated, unreflected, one-sided, without comparisons and if this is done on a purely external basis, without giving sufficient context and background. Collective emotional anxiety can also provide a favourable basis for suggestions to have an effect."<ref>Heinz Grill (20 April 2020). [https://heinz-grill.de/en/corona-suggestion/ ''The Spiritual Root of Suggestion'']. ''Contributions to a new Yoga Will''. Retrieved 27 April 2026</ref>

In 2018, Heinz Grill wrote a poem about suggestion, in which he gives a voice to the concept itself/to the figure itself/to the suggestion figure itself: <ref>Heinz Grill (31 October 2018). [https://heinz-grill.de/en/human-spirit-suggestion/ ''The suggestion figure'']. ''Contributions to a new Yoga Will''. Retrieved 27 April 2026</ref>

<poem style="margin-left:31px">
The suggestion figure

Beware you lowly human spirit and remain faithfully blind in my escort. I am the exalted figure of suggestion, that lives through your unconscious hold.
I rule and control you, although you are spiritually greater than me. My weapon is manipulation to compensate for my inferior position.
Ultimately, you will bear my guilt, it is bitter, this modern cult. Alas, how fascinatingly ingenious. Suggestion is not trivial.
</poem>

==References==

Suggestion

2026-05-05T08:20:50Z

Xenja: /* Suggestion therapy */

Suggestion

2026-05-05T08:19:21Z

Xenja:

The term '''suggestion''' was introduced in the 17th/18th century and refers to the manipulative influencing of a thought or sensation, with the result that the manipulation goes unnoticed or is, at least temporarily, not accessible to consciousness.

Etymologically, it can be traced back to the Latin noun "suggestio", meaning "an addition, intimation or suggestion", or to the Latin verb "suggerĕre", meaning "bring up", "lay beneath" or "afford".<ref>[https://www.etymonline.com/word/suggestion ''suggestion''] In:''etymonline.com''. Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

In psychology, the term "suggestion" – first used by [[w:James Braid (physician)|James Braid]] (1795–1860) – refers to a form of influence on feelings, thoughts and actions. However, distinctions or differences from related fields are rarely discussed. A distinction is made between autosuggestion and heterosuggestion, i.e. influence exerted by oneself or by others.

In the field of [[w:Hypnosis|hypnosis]], suggestions represent immediate inspirations provided by the hypnotist. Post-hypnotic suggestions, on the other hand, only take effect after the hypnosis session, usually in response to a pre-determined cue, such as a word or a gesture.

The power of suggestion can serve as a theoretical framework for explaining the placebo effect, self-fulfilling prophecies and the impact of advertising.

According to spiritual research, suggestive methods influence the unconscious feelings and will of the person being addressed, whereas a logical, liberating presentation appeals to the other person’s inner life and thus frees their feelings and will.

== Differentiation between suggestibility and suggestiveness ==

A differentiation must be made between suggestion as an act or a result, suggestibility as the receptiveness of the person being influenced, and suggestiveness as the potential to be able to plant a suggestion. With this understanding of suggestiveness, suggestibility can then also be understood as autosuggestibility – albeit triggered by an external stimulus.

The terms "suggestion" and, in particular, "suggestibility" are often used as synonyms for influencing the will, exercising power, credulity, susceptibility to influence and weakness of will.

== Suggestion therapy ==

Even before the development of [[w:psychoanalysis|psychoanalysis]], [[w:Josef Breuer|Josef Breuer]] (1842–1925) used suggestion to treat [[w:hysteria|hysteria]]. In this technique, symptoms are combated by applying a suggestion. It is also used to treat phobiae or habits of a life time. Moreover it was used in the treatment of so-called war neuroses.<ref>Ray Dyer (25 February 2021): [https://victorianweb.org/science/freud/hysteria.html ''Josef Breuer and Sigmund Freud's Studies on Hysteria [1882] 1893, 1895'']. In:''victorianweb.org''. Retrieved 2 May 2026.<ref/> <ref>[https://setantahypnotherapy.com/suggestion-therapy-explained/ ''Suggestion Therapy Explained'']. In:''setantahypnotherapy.com''. Retrieved 2 May 2026.<ref/><ref>Krzysztof Rutkowski, Edyta Dembińska: [https://www.psychiatriapolska.pl/pdf-58176-81132?filename=Research%20and%20treatment%20of.pdf
''Research and treatment of war neuroses at the Clinic for Nervous and Mental Diseases at the Jagiellonian University in Krakow before World War II in the context of psychiatry in Europe]. Retrieved 2 May 2026.<ref/>

== Suggestive question ==
The term "suggestion" is also used in the context of so-called suggestive questions. In this case, the questioner’s aim is to directly influence the content of the respondent’s answer. (Example: "You were at the scene of the crime, weren’t you?" – which is more likely to elicit a "yes" from the other person.) This influence can be exerted through facial expressions and gestures, but also through verbal expression. For instance, there is an old trick amongst waiters whereby a guest can be influenced by a slight nod or shake of the head when asked whether they would like a top-up.

== Autosuggestion and Heterosuggestion ==

Autosuggestion is a psychological method in which one influences oneself, usually by repeating positive affirmations or phrases, in order to positively influence the subconscious mind.

An example of an autosuggestion sentence by Ellen Andersen is:

:"I am performing confidently today."

To ensure these words really find their way into the subconscious, Ellen Anderson advises repeating them regularly until they have been internalised. <ref>Ellen Andresen: [https://greator.com/en/autosuggestion/ ''With autosuggestion motivated, self-confident and happy through life
.''] In: ''greator.com.'' Retrieved 27 April 2026.</ref>

=== Heterosuggestion ===

Heterosuggestion is external influence, e.g. through advertising, the news, other people, and also through hypnosis.

== Autogenic Training ==

[[w:autogenic Training|Autogenic training]] is a relaxation technique which consists of mental exercises that are based on autosuggestion. Autogenic” literally means "generated from within" and it is closely related to self-hypnosis. The practitioner repeats certain phrases in their mind that relate to their own body – for example: "My heart is beating calmly and strongly". Ideally, a sequence of specific exercises and phrases leads to relaxation throughout the entire body, which can also have a beneficial effect on health. <ref>
[https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/autogenic-training ''Autogenic Training''] In:''sciencedirect.com''. Retrieved 2 May 2026.</ref>

== The effects of suggestion ==

Axel Burkart (born 1951), a German author and anthroposophist, describes the effects of suggestion in a 2018 lecture entitled ''Suggestion in contrast to independent thinking''. He mentions people often absorb the words of authority figures unfiltered. Statements and suggestions contained therein, which are not recognised through independent examination and independent thinking, can create conflict for the listener.

Children in particular, who do not yet have the capacity to reflect on suggestive statements, find themselves in a dilemma when exposed to statements – for example, from teachers – that are neither logical nor true. Axel Burkart gives the following example:

At school, the biology teacher tells the children: “You are a higher mammal; you are descended from apes.” In religious education, however, the children are told: “You are descended from God.” These differing accounts create a conflict within the child. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWR0onVPvfI&list=PLgm7eKJeeixeeZinmPqDC0RHw2Ub_k5-Y&index=5&t=935s ''Lecture by Axel Burkart – Part 2, Conference “Suggestion im Gegensatz zum eigenen Denken - Suggestion as opposed to independent thinking”, Michaelmas 2018'']. (German) (15:36–17:36). In: ''systemfreie Spiritualität'' (YouTube channel). Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

=== The placebo effect and the nocebo effect ===

A [[w:Placebo|placebo]] is a substance that contains no active pharmaceutical ingredient. It is also referred to as a sham medication and may be administered as a sugar pill or a saline solution. The term "placebo effect" is used when a person experiences an improvement in their condition or illness following the administration of a placebo. Not only a medication, but also a sham operation can be described as a placebo effect.

Axel Burkart gives the example of a woman who was told by the surgeon: “The knee has been operated on.” In reality, the surgeon had merely cut open the knee and stitched it back up. No surgical procedure had been performed on the knee. However, the patient’s knee pain had disappeared. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gWR0onVPvfI&list=PLgm7eKJeeixeeZinmPqDC0RHw2Ub_k5-Y&index=5&t=935s ''Lecture by Axel Burkart – Part 2, Conference “Suggestion im Gegensatz zum eigenen Denken - Suggestion as opposed to independent thinking”, Michaelmas 2018'']. (German) (9:34–10:35). In: ''systemfreie Spiritualität'' (YouTube channel). Retrieved 1 May 2026.</ref>

The [[w:Nocebo effect|nocebo effect]] is the counterpart to the placebo effect. In the case of the nocebo effect, negative suggestions can trigger illness or anxiety. A well-known example is the anxiety triggered by the idea that a dangerous virus is infecting people. However, negative health symptoms or side effects of medication can also occur without there being a direct physical cause. This can, for example, be caused by a doctor-patient consultation as part of medical treatment.

==References==

Suggestion

2026-05-05T07:57:40Z

Xenja:

Suggestion

2026-05-04T15:16:23Z

Xenja: Created page with "The term '''suggestion''' was introduced in the 17th/18th century and refers to the manipulative influencing of a thought or sensation, with the result that the manipulation goes unnoticed or is, at least temporarily, not accessible to consciousness. Etymologically, it can be traced back to the Latin noun "suggestio", meaning "an addition, intimation or suggestion", or to the Latin verb "suggerĕre", meaning "bring up", "lay beneath" or "afford".<ref>[https://www.etymon..."

User:Xenja

2026-05-04T14:45:31Z

Xenja:

* [[/Pratyahara]]
* [[/Guardian of the Threshold]]
* [[/Paschimottanasana]]
* [[/Purvottanasana]]
* [[/Suggestion]]